- Sabin, Albert (1906-1993)
- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
- Salk, Jonas (1914-1995)
- Salmonella
- Salmonella Food Poisoning
- Schick, Bela (1877-1967)
- Selection
- Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp (1818-1865)
- Seroconversion
- Serology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDS)
- Sheathed Bacteria
- Shigella
- Shotgun Cloning
- Signal Hypothesis
- Sinsheimer, Robert Louis (1920- )
- Skin infections
- Sleeping Sickness
- Slime Molds
- Slow Viruses
- Smallpox
- Smallpox: Eradication, Storage, and Potential Use as a Bacteriological Weapon
- Snow Blooms
- Soil Formation, Involvement of Microorganisms
- Spectrophotometer
- Spectroscopy
- Spirochetes
- Sporozoa
- Sporulation
